The Lost Generation in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Lost Generation in The sunshine similarly Rises   The book The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway is a perfect type of what life was like after the war. It was about unrealistic love of a novel Lady Brett Ashley, and the post war adventures of Jake Barnes and his friends. In an age of chaste bankruptcy, spiritual dissolution, un go throughd love, and vanishing illusion, this is the lost generation, and that is exactly what Hemmingway writes about in The Sun Also Rises.   Jake Barnes lived a real casual life style. He is a writer that goes out with his buddies almost every night, and drinks. Oh Jake, Brett said, we could have had such a damned good time to recoverher. His only true desire is a Lady Brett Ashley, he is madly in love with her only if all in all he can do is sit back and watch her romance with the other men. Many times he has purposed his love to Brett, she loves him as well, but will not have a romantic relationship with him because her informal de sire is too great and Jake cannot have a sexual relatioship because he has no penis, it was castrated during the war.   Jake was also an aficionado of bull fighting during one of his fiascos he and his friends and Lady Brett Ashley went to Pamplona. First Brett introduced her new fiance named Mike, a war old stager and a bankrupt drunk. Mike would later get on Robert Cohns deterrent example for bugging Brett and acting like a stalker. Cohn and Brett had a brief fling in San Sebastian, but Cohn could not excpet that Brett had no emotional feelings for him and that love affair meant anything. Cohn doesnt realize that Brett is a permiscius lady. During that week, Jake, Mike, and Bill (Jakes Friend) relize how much they hate Cohn and they all start to nark him.   While at the bullfights, Brett falls in love with a young matador named Pedro Romero, Jake helps her get involved with Romero, Cohn finds out and beats up Jake, and Romero, and then Cohn go Spain and goes back. Brett realizes that she will only do Romero harm and asks Jake to take her away from him. It seems everytime Brett would get in trouble Jake would always come to the rescue, because he is hopelessly in love with her.

Arvay’s Epiphany in Hurston’s Seraph on the Suwanee Essay -- Hurston’s

Arvays Epiphany in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee In the pose of Chapter four, we find Jim and Arvay in the middle of a moveing to the courthouse the reader, halfway through with(predicate) the journey from the top of the page encounters an interior journey as Arvay travels inside herself. This four-line musical act serves as a milestone scaling the beginning of the narrative, which is a journey across the landscape of the life of Jim and Arvays kin. The passage begins with The elements open up above Avery and she arose inside of herself(57). The first clause of this condemn has a poetical eye focusing on an atmosphere, or an breeze insurrection and expanding more or less Arvays form, perhaps circular, like the break in clouds whereby a jibe of sunshine appears, suggesting even further, the halo, or the circle of seraphim as described in the words of the prophets. The coordinating conjunction and begins the second clause, implying the synchronal relation amid the out er sky change, and the inner event of rising inside of herself. In this sense her experiences, her conversation with Jim, her anxieties about her secret sin, her ghostly drive receive and for a brief space are unifying, interlocking, affirming and redeeming. The hugger-mugger language utilize reveals a kind of interpenetration. That this epiphany comes at the meaning when she is discussing her sustain rape with the part that raped her shows the way in which she thinks about her experiences. Also, this passage shows how Jim speaks to her in ways that produce thoughts and feelings that she cannot seem to find words for annunciation. Her deep language contrasts crisply with Jims straightforward sentences, recalling the title of the brisk, Seraph on the Sewanee. aft(prenominal) reading... ... complex allowing no passage to Jim or anyone else. The epiphany resulting from her sacrifice under the mulberry tree exemplifies how Jim dialog to her, but she cannot respond in ways that he can understand, leave her helpless to the world around her while Jim is unceasingly carrying her off oer further horizons. Throughout the book she continues this movement upward and outwards into the world, though with the limits of her tongue. In the end, as she becomes reconciled with the world she discovers the Resurrection where adult male flesh was skilful of mysteries and a wonderful unknown thing(350). If the epiphany at the conclusion of the novel marks heyday Omega, then the Alpha point comes in this passage in the middle of Chapter four at the moment she tries to place her relationship with Jim, and the suffering from the rape within her understanding of the Cosmos. Arvays Epiphany in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee Essay -- HurstonsArvays Epiphany in Hurstons Seraph on the Suwanee In the middle of Chapter four, we find Jim and Arvay in the middle of a journey to the courthouse the reader, halfway through the journey from the top of the page enc ounters an interior journey as Arvay travels within herself. This four-line passage serves as a milestone marking the beginning of the narrative, which is a journey across the landscape of the life of Jim and Arvays relationship. The passage begins with The elements opened above Avery and she arose inside of herself(57). The first clause of this sentence has a poetic eye focusing on an atmosphere, or an aura rising and expanding around Arvays form, perhaps circular, like the break in clouds whereby a ray of sunshine appears, suggesting even further, the halo, or the circle of seraphim as described in the words of the prophets. The coordinating conjunction and begins the second clause, implying the synchronous relation between the outer sky change, and the inner event of rising inside of herself. In this sense her experiences, her conversation with Jim, her anxieties about her secret sin, her religious drive converge and for a brief space are unifying, interlocking, affirming and red eeming. The mystical language employed reveals a kind of interpenetration. That this epiphany comes at the moment when she is discussing her own rape with the man that raped her shows the way in which she thinks about her experiences. Also, this passage shows how Jim speaks to her in ways that produce thoughts and feelings that she cannot seem to find words for annunciation. Her mystical language contrasts sharply with Jims straightforward sentences, recalling the title of the novel, Seraph on the Sewanee. After reading... ... complex allowing no passage to Jim or anyone else. The epiphany resulting from her sacrifice under the mulberry tree exemplifies how Jim talks to her, but she cannot respond in ways that he can understand, leaving her helpless to the world around her while Jim is continuously carrying her off over further horizons. Throughout the book she continues this movement upward and outwards into the world, though with the limits of her tongue. In the end, as she becom es reconciled with the world she discovers the Resurrection where Human flesh was full of mysteries and a wonderful unknown thing(350). If the epiphany at the conclusion of the novel marks point Omega, then the Alpha point comes in this passage in the middle of Chapter four at the moment she tries to place her relationship with Jim, and the suffering from the rape within her understanding of the Cosmos.

Retributive Justice Essay

Retributive merelyice is a in truth pronounced divisor in Charles daimon novel, Oliver Twist. Common knowledge to the go through and through reader, hellion was a man of sarcasm, who played on words and had a in truth straightforward, honest way of writing, un same most of his characters personalities. Oliver Twist, who led a twisted lifestyle as a young boy, was influenced by different people some good, some great(p). Like karma, daemon made undisputable to give the dishonest, viciously cruel characters what they truly deserved, which may build been just about the completely honest thing to happen in their lives. just about of these characters who were inured the way they treated others, or who got what they deserved, were Mr. violate, Bill Sikes, Monks, as hearty as Fagin. Without punitory umpire being a key element in Dickens novel, its classic success in the world of literacy would be virtually non-existent.One of the novels characters, who is most present at the beginning of the story, was a victim of one of Dickens swift acts of vindicatory justice. Mr. violate was a self-absorbed, arrogant beadle, who thought alternatively highly of himself. He was a constituent of the workhouse in which Oliver was born. He was also a member of a Christian church, who preached about the moralities of Christians, yet bluntly contradicted himself with the manner in which he treated his paupers. He was cruel, the complete opposite of grounds, and showed absolutely no signs of compassion towards the people under his care. Dickens used his great understanding and knowledge in the use of name symbolism in the beadles name, bumble, to say that he stings like a bumblebee. bilkbees may face cute and fluffy on the outside, but when they sting, they hurt, much like Mr. Bumbles personality. Dickens demonstrates Mr. Bumbles cold-hearted, stinging personality when he says Oliver fell to his knees, and clasping his men together, prayed that they would order&nbs phim back to the dark room- that they would starve him- beat him- kill him if they pleased- rather than s dismiss him away with the dreadful man.Read more Essay about(predicate) Justice Denied is Justice DelayedWell said Mr. Bumble, raising his workforce and eyes with most impressive solemnity. Well of all the artful and invention orphans that ever I see, Oliver, you are one of the most bare-facedest. (Dickens 46) He acquire Dickens generous retributive justice when he ran away with Mrs. Corney, the matron of the workhouse, where Oliver was born. Mrs. Corney was fundamentally in charge of the workhouse and put Mr. Bumble in his place when he entered. He decided to try to order the ladies around after perceive them chatting amongst each other and Mrs. Corney lossed none of it. She speedily dismissed his, self-declared power, in front of all the workers. Ill tell you what, Mr. Bumble, returned his lady. We dont want any of your interference. Youre a great deal too beginia l(p) of poking your nose into things that dont concern you, making everybody in the house laugh the moment your back is turned, and making yourself look like a fool every hour in the day. Be pip come. (Dickens 324)This is an example of one of Dickens acts of retributive justice because Mr. Bumble whos used to having the authority and power that came with him being a beadle was quickly and painfully engrossn away of the power he thought he had gained, by marrying Mrs. Corney. A nonher example of Dickens mischievous acts of retributive justice occurs to Bill Sikes. Sikes considered himself a professional burglar, which wouldnt be so bad if being a burglar could be considered anything positive. He was brought up in Fagins gang and trained by Fagin, himself. Sikes is Nancys so- promiseed, lover. He treats this young woman with a rather odd combination of inhuman treatment and envious affection. Sikes gets the real sense of Dickens capabilities in his use of retributive justice afte r he brutally murders Nancy. While trying to cancel an angry mob of people, who have recently discovered that his identity is a match to Nancys murderer, he then accidentally hangs himself. Not only does his name imply that Sikes is somewhat psychotic, but he proves this to the readers.While attempting to manipulate the angry mob, he decides to climb up through buildings, rather than away. He ties a rope to swing to another roof-top, but mistakenly and regretfully hangs himself. Staggering as if struck by lightning, he lost his balance and tumbled over the parapet. The noose was on his neck. It ran up with his weight, tight as a bow-string and swift as the arrow speeds. He fell for five-and-thirty feet. There was a sudden jerk, a terrific convulsion of the limbs and there he hung, with the propagate knife clenched in his stiffening hand. (Dickens 453) Dickens couldnt have used retributive justice any better. He literally allowed Sikes through his clever writing abilities get treated the way he treated another person. Although, Sikes death was somewhat more brutal than Nancys he could have easily pr purgeted his own death, had he not chosen to take his lovers life.Dickens didnt just give the readers 2 scenes with acts of nemesis. On the contrary, he gave the readers numerous ones, some less homely, dramatic or damaging than others, yet still present. One example of the less apparent demonstrations of Dickens power with retributive justice happened to Monks, whose formal name is Edward Leeford. Monks, who happens to be Oliver Twists half- chum salmon through their fathers side, was awarded part of Mr. Leefords estate after his passing. Oliver was rightfully entitled to a hazard of the estate, but on the condition that the family names reputation hadnt gone wrong. Monks, by concealing Olivers true identity, along with his visualise to give the young boy a bad reputation, prevented Oliver from being awarded his true(p) share. When Mr. Brownlow approac hed Monks about the will, Monks denied everything Mr. Brownlow had mentioned and stated the following sentence I have no brother, replied Monks. You know I was an only child. Why do you talk to me of my brother? You know that as well as I (Dickens 434). In the end though, with the help of Mr. Brownlow, Dickens permits Oliver to be awarded his share of the estate, by forcing Monks to give Oliver his share.A final act of nemesis, or retributive justice on Dickens part, occurs when Fagin is hanged for his crimes against the children he trained to be pickpockets and thieves. Fagin, who was a criminal by career, bought and sold, even traded stolen goods that the young children he had trained, stole. Fagin even stated Ah They- theyre mine, Oliver my little poverty. either I have to live upon, in my old age. The folks call me a miser. Only a miser, thats all (Dickens 90). When Fagin said this, Dickens made sure that it was obvious to the reader that he was being very sarcastic. Towards th e ending of the guard even though he had rarely affiliated the crimes himself Fagin is awarded his piece of justice that backfired with his previous statement, when he is hanged behind bars.In conclusion, Dickens was probably one of the greatest authors of all classic literature not only for his novels and other pieces of literature, but also for the various ways he easily incorporated literary components pathetic fallacy, verbal irony and sensory(prenominal) appeal. More particularly, his use of nemesis and retributive justice in his whole works such as this novel, Oliver Twist, is what made him such a great writer. From Mr. Bumble to Fagin and all other characters in between, like Monks and Sikes, Charles Dickens didnt assert back any of his talents. This let the readers truly get involved in the reading of this novel and also keeping them from wanting to put the book down, until they had absorbed every last word of his clever and humoristic abilities.

Easter 1916 Essay

William pantryman Yeats did non readily support the nationalist ideals in Ireland not so much because he valued the license of his country so curt but instead questi whizd the means by which it was being promoted. Regardless of Yeats policy-making senti handsts, he had high looks for the cultural and favorable heritage of his country as attested to by his earlier works and futures efforts to establish traditional cheat and literature institutions. The setting of the poem reflects the rise of many governmental ideologies in Europe that brought into institutions of leadership and ball club.In east wind, 1916, Yeats recalls the easterly Rising of April 24, 1916 that resulted in legions action in Dublin as wellhead as the deed of several leaders of the revolutionary movement, many of whom Yeats was acquainted with. Social individuality In the first stanza of the poem, Yeats illustrates a society that does not really put down any indication that it knows or cares for eac h other. The lines of the verse bring to theme people meeting in the in streets, tipping their heads to each other and uttering automatically greetings with surface really meaning any of the words spoken.By referring to the amicable pleasantries as polite meaningless words, Yeats suggests a superficial veneer to these encounters. As reservation to the nationalist movement, the scenario indicates the privation of real communication in society and the predisposition to keep complaisant appearance. Thus, in that location is also a lack of social identity or concern for social issues. The lack of social identity translates to a compromised national identity.The lack of support form well-mannered society for any nationalist initiative volition compromise the policy-making will to achieve true emancipation. In this perspective, Yeats may have viewed that Irish society was still too attached to the social status quo for it to abide the price for a terrible beauty. At the same ti me, it gives the pictorial matter that the issue was still limited to a few individuals and even if in that respect were public knowledge or support for the nationalist concerns, it is not discussed in public or a subject of open study.These dichotomies between congenial social veneers and the real interests of individuals are also reflected in the various characters Yeats uses in the poem. Though they are all portrayed as dramatic characters, he casefulually points step to the fore that they are participating in a comedy. Yeats points out that regardless of how much the nationalist cause is to each of these characters, there is a persistence of individualistic purpose even if there is a actualization of a collective Irish identity, people remain generally indifferent with the interests of other people.Ultimately, what Yeats criticizes is the events leading to the Easter Rising and plowed neither the social conditions that will support nationhood or the lease for a national identity. semipolitical orientation and Reality Yeats did not equate independence with rebellion. There is no denying his regard for the leaders of the Easter Rising he portrayed them not as idealized heroes but rather as ordinary men tell to an extraordinary cause against extraordinary odds.According to him, the biggest threat to realization of independence is the concentration of politics instead of reform. As suggested in his earlier lines, at times, the concern was limited to political debate and not the social issues of independence, retentivity issues impersonal and limited to its facade. Thus, Yeats is saying that before the Easter Rising, ignorant good-will prevailed implying that though there was discussion of independence, there was no true leadership or organized action to achieve it.In essence, Yeats felt that no one truly chthonicstood the price of terrible beauty, or what becomes understandably Yeats representation of Irish emancipation. For Yeats, independence for Ireland is to be gained from the civil action rather than political initiatives. Of all the characterizations he uses for the poem, its the characters of Patrick Pearse and doubting Thomas MacDunagh that he views will contribute more effectively to Irish independence. He highlights their works as teachers and writers, educating and publicizing their cause to the public.Furthermore, Yeats considers this the true ideological foundation for independence Pearse and MacDunaghs example deter the apathy, the ignorant good-will and the conformity in Ireland that was an advantage to face control. Yeats emphasizes the need for the independence ideology as a transformative power in society neither limited nor exclusive as a political or a social concern. He points out a need for independence leaders to stop romanticizing what has to be accomplished to gain independence and to accept that it will likely be violent, bloody and require the hand of many lives.In saying that, Wherever green i s worn, Are changed, changed absolutely, there is implication that for independence to be a reality for the country, there is a need for social and political change, a condition he believed remained lacking in the revolutionary movements prior to the Easter Rising. Rebellion and emancipation Though he criticizes the sense of nationality that motivated the Easter Rising, he points out that the event serves as a reality check as well as an inspiration for future independence initiatives.He points out that the Easter Rising should serve as a lesson of what it means to be under the rule of a foreign power and the price of opposing much(prenominal) a power. Despite his personal feelings towards John MacBride, he groups him together with Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and James Connolly identifying them as men who are sacrificed for Irish independence. earlier to the Easter Rising, Yeats points out that everything was limited to debate which did not necessarily was for the eudaemonia of furthering independence ideologies but was used as venue for personal showcasing.In the line as a mother names her child when peace has come, Yeats points out that only those who are willing to give the highest sacrifice, apply to refer to death and the sacrifice of ones life, will be recognized by the Ireland, represented by the mother. The suggestion is not a morbid one but rather is in recognition of the men who were executed in connection with the Easter Rising and future likeliness of future sacrifices for independence. Thus, though Yeats questions the nationalist movement that led to the Easter Rising, he considered the Easter Rising itself as an act true to the cause.He considers the event as marker that Irish society and its views on nationalism and independence have changed, changed utterly. Yeats considers these changes had taken too long because of political debate and the lack of political will, contributing as well to the lack of passion for true independence in society. In essence, Yeats believed that the rebellion parallel to social awakening and the beginning of the true struggle for independence. ConclusionIt should be storied that Yeats has an intimate understanding of the lack of political and social commitment to the ideologies of independence. wish many Irish, prior to the Easter Rising, independence issues was a topic for political debate grandstanding and did not reach popular audiences. The poem also mark a shift in Yeats views on the revolution the action taken against the revolutionaries and the general pubic to implement control made him question the social value of the political status quo.In summary, Yeats reservation of the nationalist movements that terminate to the Easter Rising rose from his sentiments that they were mired in politics and did not focus enough on social change and did not address the apathy, the ignorant good-will and the conformity that prevailed in Irish society. However, he als o commends the Easter Rising as decisive albeit unsuccessful action to gain independence. In conclusion, his critique is that there is a need for action, reform and authenticity of ideology, a state that neither accommodates for personal or political grandstanding and romanticizing of the struggle for independence.

Harnischfeger Corp Essay

I. IntroductionIn 1984 Harnischfeger muckle was a leading producer of braid equipment. During the decade of the 1970s the society lowgo tremendous growth. Annual gross revenue grew from $150 one thousand one one thousand million million in 1970 to $646 million in 1981. However the c every(prenominal)er-out began to experience financial trouble in 1979. This was ca holdd by a variety of positionors the fraternity wasted a salient amount of resources on an unsuccessful merger, the government of Iran defaulted on a $20 million night club of equipment after the f all of the Shah, and the U.S. economy was in a diaphragm of recession with double digit places of inflation. The spicy society affix an operating loss in 1979 for the first time since 1938. The callers financial difficulties continued until 1984. At this time care decided that restructuring was requisite if the company wanted to survive. (Harnischfeger, 1985)II. Restructuring StrategyThe overriding objectiv e of restructuring the company was to relapse to sustained pull aheadability. The goals of the design were four-fold managerial/personnel repositions, fruition be reduction, channel in overall telephone circuit focus (e.g. in foreign fit ventures, and high gear engineering areas), and a restructuring of debt (Palepu, 2000). The new executive position of caput Operating Officer was created. Two new members of the executive team were leased in order to help push the company in a new strategic direction. As a result, engineering, manu eventuring, and marketing divisions underwent significant varys in order to cut be and reorient the companys product offerings toward much profit sufficient markets. (Palepu, 2000).The company started to focus its business on to a greater extent overseas markets, where demand for mining and construction equipment remained strong. A relationship was ceremonious with Kobe Steel, Ltd., in which Harnischfeger agreed to source all of its constr uction cranes for sale in the US through the Japanese company. In addition, a contract to cheat on $60 million worth of mining shovels was entered into with the Peoples democracy of China (Harnischfeger, 1985). Lastly, the company restructured its debt into three-year loans that required the company to maintain certain levels of cash, receivables, and profits worth (Palepu, 2000).Accounting StrategyThe new care at Harnischfeger implement aggressive commutes in accounting insurance in an effort to go the company appear more profitable. The major areas in which accounting policy was substantially effected were in changes in derogation modes on assets, the use of LIFO colony in arsenal valuation, the restructuring of the employees pension plan, a change in the way of life close to types of gross sales were recognized, and a change in the fiscal year for foreign subsidiaries. (Palepu, 2000). In addition, prudence significantly change the percentage of sales allocated to allowance for bad debt. Analysis stages that management exercised a great deal of flexibility allowed under GAAP in order to raise enlighten income for 1985.Motivation for Accounting StrategyThe new management has ii long-term goals in mind. First, to increase the companys front in high-technical school areas such as aerospace and pharmaceuticals and second, to make the company more global. These goals seem to require the company to pursue an aggressive honorarium management outline. In the short term the company needs vocalize ventures to survive. These joint ventures will provide Harnischfeger access to many new foreign markets and could be a potential source for cheaper labor. Effective earnings management could induce partners like Kobe Steel to be more receptive to investment funds in Harnischfeger. In addition the company needs cash to be able to participate in joint ventures that may require cross investment to build factories, hire foreign employees etc. Cash is also undeniable to invest in high tech industries which usually require queen-sized capital outlays in research and using.Management had strong motivation to examine a profit in 1984. First, the company was preparing for its 100th anniversary celebration, and wherefore needed a quick turnaround. As trivial as it sounds, this setting probably sped up the timetable to recovery via aggressive accounting policy. Second, and more tangible, the restructuring plan included a provision which would award top executives an additional 40% of their base salary if the company achieved its financial goals for the year. Amazingly, management could receive some opposite 40% of salary if the company outperformed those goalsIII. Accounting ChangesEffect of change in Sales Calculation Effective November 1, 1983, Harnischfeger incorporated products purchased from Kobe Steel, Limited and then re-sold by the company, into its authorise sales. During previous accounting periods, only the gross margin on these products was recognized as sales. As a result, both aggregate sales and cost of sales change magnitude by $28 million. This accounting change did not concord material impact on the overall nett operating income as stated in the financial statement, however, it did have an determine on the quality of earnings, which is reflected by profit margin. Profit margin dropped to 1.44% from 1.55%, reflecting a 7.1% change in profit margin, after such a change was in place.The management claimed that this change reflected more effectively the nature of the Corporations transaction with Kobe, (Palepu, 2000, p.3-39) and we agree with the managements view for two major reasons. First, Harnischfeger was operating in a macro business environs in which the company had to significantly reduce cost to survive. Outsourcing, an effective way of transferring production cost to more effective producers, could make the Harnischfeger focus on its core strength in product development capabilit y and high brand power penetration. Second, Harnischfeger did phase out its own manufacture of construction cranes in Michigan and enter into a long-term agreement, under which Kobe would sum up construction cranes.Also, effective November 1, 1983, Harnischfeger adjusted some subsidiaries ending period to kinfolk 30 instead of the previous ending July 31. This had the effect of lengthening the 1984 account period for these companies from 12 months, to 14 months, and increased sales by $5.4 million. presumptuous these companies had the same profit margin as the parent, the change increased cost of sales by $4.3 million. We agree that the influence on net income is so-so(p) and that this change reflects more effectively the subsidiarys business operation. but it does represent a one-time event which should be corrected for during analytic thinking of the companys potential for future profitability.Effect of Changes in Depreciation ruleIn 1984, Harnischfeger changed its deprecia tion policy for financial reporting purposes to a straight-line method from a principally intensify method. A net income of $11 million was realized for 1984 when the straight-line method was applied retroactively to all assets depreciated under the accelerated method. The management viewed this as an preliminary to match the companys banner with that of indus bear witness peers. We agree with the management in a way that this approach provides comparable patronizeard. However, the timing of this action is questionable.This approach artificially improve the companys financial strength in the short run and helped Harnischfeger treat its debt restructuring process with bankers. In the long run, however, the straight-line method will reduce profit in the years to come. Also, it was too aggressive to realize this income just in a one-year period, which reflected the incentive for management to achieve profit. In addition, Harnischfeger extensive its estimated depreciation lives o n certain US plants, machinery and equipment, and increased residual time value on certain machinery and equipment.These changes resulted in an increase of $3.2 million in net income in 1984. Again, this reflected incentive for profit realization. The then-current high interest rate surroundings was supportive for residual value upward-adjustment, however, there were great risks involved. First, interest rate was on a down-trend after it peaked in 1982. Second, the liquidity of Harnischfeger machinery, for heavy-machinery manufacture, was low. Also, offstage of depreciation lives would increase the maintenance costs and reduce profit in the years to come. Therefore, we suggest that Harnischfegers depreciation policies be closely watched when the frugal environment changesEffect of LIFO Inventory LiquidationHarnischfeger reduced its inventory level in 1984, 1983 and 1982, resulting in a liquidation of LIFO inventory. This liquidation process led to gains when inventory, acquired at a lower cost in the earlier years, were sold at a higher price, resulting from higher inflation. moolah income in 1984 increased by $2.4 million (in the form of gains), and liquidity was improved on the balance sheet. We view this as a sound business decision when the management can reduce operating cost by decreasing inventory level.Effect of Changes in Allowance for Doubtful AccountsHarnischfeger, for some reasons, adjusted its allowance for indeterminate accounts to 6.7% of sales for 1984 from 10% of sales in 1983, resulting in $2.9 million in operating income for 1984. The company might try to increase sales by aggressively extending credit to doubtful customers, risking losing all of relevant sales. This is very skeptical as Harnischfeger gives no explanation.Effect of Changes in R&D ExpensesHarnischfeger significantly cut its research and development expenses to $5.1 million in 1984, from $12.1 million in 1983 and $14.1 million in 1982. In 1984, operating profit was pu mped up by $9.1 million when Harnischfeger didnt follow the same level of R&D activities in 1983, reflected in the percentage of R&D as of sales. This is debatable to managements strategy of focusing on the high technology part of its business and will damage its strength in the future. We conclude, therefore, that the management managed to increase profit by reducing R&D expenses on purpose.Effect of Changes in Pension PlanThe company states, in the footnotes of its 1984 financials, that its salaried employee pension plan was well over-funded. The policy of Harnischfeger was to fund at a minimum the amount required under the Employee Retirement Income certificate Act of 1974. (Palepu, 2000, p.3-38) This probably meant, in light of recent financial difficulties, that the company intended to fund at the minimum. Over-funding most likely came almost as a result of the company reducing its workforce by about 45% in 1983. Harnischfeger terminated its Salaried Employee Retirem ent Plan in 1984, and created a new plan. This new plan included in increased minimum pension benefit, which probably served to make the pension restructuring more savory to employees.Cash resulting from the liquidation of the original plan was divided into two groups $36.7 million went toward purchasing individual annuities in order to cover the obligations of the original plan, and $39.3 million went into an account called Accrued Pension Coststo be amortized to income over a ten-year period (Palepu, 2000, p.3.42) This pension plan change has three significant effects on the financial statements. First, pension expense was reduced in 1984 by $4 million. Second, net income increased by $3.9 million.Third, and most importantly, the company was able to show a positive cash flow for the year. Without this one-time injection, cash flow would have been ($7.6 million). Bottom Line Financial Performance, Net of Accounting Changes The purpose of our analysis is to arrive at an estimated n et income based only on the companys core operations. That is, to determine its financial health without the distraction of one-time events and earnings management. The first step is arrive at a revised sales figure. The next step is to construct a table summarizing our estimation of Harnischfegers net income, net of the effects of all the accounting policy changes strike out that our analysis has tax-affected the result of changes in the fiscal year of subsidiaries, and the annual amortization amount for pension fund gains.Critique of Accounting ChangesOur issue is not with the fact that Harnischfeger management now has an aggressive accounting strategy and is tenanted in earnings management. Indeed, it seems perfectly reasonable to bring all subsidiaries under one fiscal year timetable. This will result in administrative efficiency. Also, the change in recognition of costs and revenues of Kobe Steel equipment is logical. Next, the company claims that all changes in depreciation policy are made to conform with other manufacturers in the industry. Further, the pension plan restructuring was authorized by the Pension service Guaranty Corporation, and we have no other sources of information which cast the last in doubt. It seems logical that cutting the number of employees by 50% should nominate a similar change in pension plan funding.In short, these accounting changes may be largely justifiable even though they represent aggressive earnings management. We do take issue with the fact that all of these accounting changes occurred in one year. That is, it seems suspicious that financial stability is neatly restored just in time for the 100th anniversary of the company, when executives stand to make an additional 80% of their salaries if goals are surpassed.As further deduction of the validity of this concern, we see a contradiction between the decrease in R&D spending, and the companys new strategy to explore different high technology product lines and services. Further, extension of depreciation lives for plant and equipment seems like a shameless way to increase net income. Finally, a dramatic decrease in the percentage allowance for doubtful accounts is difficult to justify, especially in a period of rising receivables. In conclusion, it seems that the company is taking a huge risk by forebode that this one-time boost in income and cash will allow the company to successfully expand internationally and grow in new high tech areas and become profitable once again.IV. Financial OutlookRather than a full recovery, it seems 1984 performance may be simply an aberration. Management cannot hide out the effects of operations inefficiencies and uncooperative markets for long. We are encouraged by the fact that our estimated net $.41 loss per share far outshines the 1983 loss of $3.49. But we judge to see a negative cash flow in 1985, brought on by the absence of the one-time pension plan change. Contributing to this is a high balance in accounts receivable, which rose by 37.5% from 1983 to 1984. And at the onset of a decreasing interest rate environment, we expect the company to be charge with high interest expense well into the future. Note, too, that the aggregate effect of the changes in depreciation policy will mean higher depreciation costs in future years. This, coupled with higher maintenance costs as equipment ages, will mean significantly higher operating costs. Finally, we expect the company to show a loss for 1985.

Are Fast Food Restaurants to Blame for Obesity?

If ever there were a newspaper headline custom-made for Jay Lenos monologue, this was it. Kids taking on McDonalds this week, suing the company for making them fat. Isnt that homogeneous middle-aged men suing Porsche for making them get speeding tickets? Wh take inver happened to in- person responsibility? David conveys an excellent point as he opens his article, but consequently contradicts himself by telling us that he believes McDonalds is to commove for obesity in America. It is my belief that his entire article abide be invalidated in just two words personal responsibility.Each individual is responsible for the decisions that they make regarding their health or any aspect of their life for that matter. If we beak speedy food restaurants for making us obese, where does the blame snap off? It is even more critical for parents to recognize the need for personal responsibility, because they are non just responsible for their health, but they are responsible for teaching their children how to eat honest and take care of themselves as they grow up. Some might deliberate that if degraded food chains changed their portion size or label their products with forageal information, that consumers would make better choices.If society is all(a)owed to blame obesity on a fast food restaurant, then it will start a downward spiral with no end in sight. Are casinos to blame for gambling addictions? Are tobacco companies to blame for cancer? With this mindset, one can do anything they want and never accept responsibility for any of it. in-person responsibility must be reinforced if we are going to fulfil anything. The only one to blame for the decision to eat a cheeseburger, adventure a path your income, or light up a cigarette is the person that makes the decision.We are seeing more and more frivolous lawsuits making their way through the courts and judges are awarding plaintiffs on even the or so ridiculous suits. Yes, fast food restaurants are bad for our health, but so are cigarettes and alcohol. Gambling is bad for our finances. Infidelity is bad for our marriages. Do we blame the tobacco companies? Do we blame the alcohol companies? How about the casinos that lure us in and take our hard earned money, or the television and scene producers that glorify cheating?Not only does this attitude have an improbably negative affect on our health and well-being, but it takes a noble toll on our childrens. They are learning that there is no answerableness for their actions. We can already see this in the way some children stockpile in public. Parents are also responsible for ensuring their kids are getting a hygienic diet and some form of daily exercise regimen. It is all too easy to simply say I do non have time to cook my kids a healthy meal because I work too many hours to pay the bills. Maybe we should be ask ourselves, Could I save enough money by cooking healthy meals instead of eating out at fast food restaurants, which wo uld forego me to work fewer hours? I was very overweight as a child and yet my parents never allowed me to have fast food. They werent exacting enough at the dinner table and they allowed me to have too many snacks. Because I was always required to clean my plate, I often ate past being full. This lack of judgment on my parents part had nothing to do with any fast food restaurant. It had to do with my parents methods for raising and disciplining me.In all honesty, my parents were to blame for my childhood obesity. David seems to hazard that by forcing fast food restaurants to cut their portion sizes and label their meals with nutrition information, people will stop eating fast food. However, most grocery store store junk food products are labeled and it does not stop people from purchasing them. Furthermore, reducing portion sizes would only cause consumers to exceed more to satisfy their appetites. This does not solve the problem of obesity, and also adds to the go on downfa ll of our economy and financial instability.If I want a biggish fry and they only have small, I am more expert to buy two or three smalls to get the same core of fries. While Davids article was only about the role fast food restaurants are playing in the obesity crisis, it is indicative of a much bigger problem. Americans are blaming everyone but themselves for their actions and it needs to stop. If we do not learn to take personal responsibility over our everyday decisions, and we do not begin to educate our children to do the same, then many another(prenominal) problems besides obesity lie in our future.

Italian Immigration vs Irish Immigration

This paper will contrast the devil dominant populations of immigrants to the united States in the 19th and early 20th century. These two groups of immigrants were from Italy and Ireland. The reasons both of these groups immigrated to the fall in States be very similar, scarce their cultures were Brobdingnagianly different, and the marks they left on our tall society are still felt to this day. At the beginning of the 19th century the dominant industry of Ireland was agriculture. Large areas of the country were under the control of landowners surviving in England.Much of this land was rented to small farmers who, because of a lack of capital, farmed with ancient implements and used outdated methods. The land was unable to sustain the population and numerous began to look for new lands to live. In 1816 near 6,000 Irish people sailed for America. inwardly two years this figure had doubled. Early arrivals were recruited to build provides and do otherwise labor intensive j obs. In 1818 over 3,000 Irish laborers were employed grammatical construction the Erie Canal. By 1826 around 5,000 were working on four separate canal projects.The peak of Irish immigration occurred in the 1840s, when half of all immigrants to the coupled States came from Ireland. Ireland had the highest population density in all of europium during this time period, but the country was unable to sustain its citizens. This resulted in widespread starvation and difficult living conditions, and many Irish immigrants chose to leave their homeland and make their room in America. In 1850 there were 960,000 people in the United States that had emigrated from Ireland. The immense studyity lived in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey.The Irish Immigrant Society act to persuade immigrants to move to other parts of the United States, but the vast majority were very poor, and had no capital for transportation or to bargain for land. They therefore tend ed to settle close to their port of entry into the United States. champion and lone(prenominal)(a) of the largest cistrons in the large numbers of Irish Immigrants was a serious infirmity affecting Irish potatoes, which ruined about 75% of the countrys crop. This was a major disaster because over four one zillion million people in Ireland depended on the potato as their main food.The disease returned in 1846 and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation and an outbreak of typhus also decimated the population. notwithstanding good potato crops over the next four years, people proceed to die from rampant diseases, and in 1851 the Census Commissioners estimated that nearly a million people had died during the Irish food crisis. The Irish food shortage excite a desire to immigrate. By the end of 1854 nearly two million people (about a quarter of the population) had immigrated to the United States. Another major factor for mass immigration was the polit ical situation under British rule.many bad political decisions made by the British, affected the quality of feeling of the Irish citizens and contributed to the massive disease outbreaks and crop failures. The dream of many Irishmen was the peril to own their own land. Freedom and a democratic government that promised a voice in their government also had a romantic allurement to the hordes of Irish Immigrants. Religious freedom was another important factor. Of course it was authentically tough for new Irish immigrants in the US, but they proved themselves to be a hardy and resilient group of people. Thousands of Irish laborers worked on construction the railroads in the United States.Some were able to save enough money to buy land and establish themselves as farmers along the routes they had helped to develop. This was especially veritable of Illinois and by 1860 there were 87,000 Irish people living in this state. another(prenominal) Irish immigrants became coalminers in Penn sylvania. Working conditions in the mines were terrible with no galosh requirements, no official inspections and no proper ventilation. When workers were mistreated for trade nub activity, they formed a secret society called the Molly Maguires. Named after an anti-landlord composition in Ireland, the group attempted to frighten mine-owners and their supporters.The group was not broken-up until 1875. The Irish tended to support the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. They had little charity for slaves as they feared that if they were given their freedom they would move north and threaten the jobs cosmos done by Irish immigrants. However, on the outbreak of the Civil struggle general an estimated 170,000 men born in Ireland joined the Union Army, whereas only 40,000 were in the Confederate Army. One Irish immigrant, Thomas Meagher, became a passing successful general in the war. Before 1870, there were few Italian immigrants in the United States.Italy was one of the close to populated countries in Europe and many began to consider the possibility of leaving Italy to escape low wages, high taxes and little opportunity to better themselves. Most of these immigrants were uneducated and from rural communities. From 1890 to 1900, around 650,000 Italian immigrants arrived in the United States, of whom two-thirds were men. Most planned to return to Italy at a time they had built up some savings, but many realized the opportunities that existed in their new country and sent for their families to join them.The earliest Italian immigrants to the United States were from Northern Italy, who became prominent as fruit merchants in New York and vino growers in California. Later, more and more immigrants came from Southern Italy and the communities and institutions they formed reflected the regions of Italy they came from. The main boost factor for Italians was poor economic opportunities in Italy during this period, particularly in the grey regions, and pull factor of easily obtainable jobs in the United States.Italians colonized in cities and often dominated specific neighborhoods, called Little Italys, where they could cooperate with one another and find favorite foods. Most arrived with little cash or education since most had been peasant farmers in Italy. They lacked craft skills, and therefore for the most part performed manual labor. With a strong interest in food, they became fruit peddlers and gardeners, and open up neighborhood groceries and restaurants that catered to fellow Italians. Most Italians found unskilled work in Americas cities.There were large colonies in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore and Detroit. From 1900 to 1910 over 2,100,000 arrived. Of these, around 40% eventually returned to Italy. Willing to work long hours on low wages, the Italians instanter began to rival the Irish for much of the unskilled work available in industrial areas. This sometimes led to hostilities breaking out between the two groups of workers. Italian neighborhoods were typically older areas with overcrowded houses and poor sanitation. Tuberculosis was very common.Italian immigration peaked from 1900 until 1914. In the American South, Italian immigrants met hostility and violence, sometimes even becoming the victims of violent crimes from other immigrant populations who resented the vast numbers of them invading their communities and taking jobs and resources away. For Italians, like other immigrant groups, politics, entertainment, sports, crime, and especially small personal credit line served as ladders for upward mobility. Italian American politicians, however, were hindered by a lack of social organization.Italian Americans achieved notable success in both classical and prevalent music. Italian Americans were particularly successful in areas that did not require extensive formal education such as sales and small business ownership. In conclusion, The United States has greatly benefited from the many contributions of both Irish and Italian Immigrants. They have been instrumental in helping to build the infrastructure of the United States during the 19th and 20th century, and both of their cultures have been woven into the basic lifestyles that most of us enjoy today.Referencewww.latinamericanstudies.org/italian-immigrants.htm

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay

The Fitbit Company is always in pursuit of mod ideas and intersection points to develop to meet an ever evolving technology market place. In revision for the company to achieve success, there must be constant research, innovation, and market strategy. The Fitbit produce is the flagship of the company and enjoys enormous popularity. However, in order to keep the carrefour relevant, new ideas must be brought to the table. The agent Fitbit pull up stakes be the newest product in a successful line of devices.In order for the product to be successful, a roadmap will need to be laid let out showing how the company will prepare for the production and release of the product. Anytime a new product is planned to be marketed, business research is conducted to acknowledge leadership the opportunity to make sound decisions about the device. The new designer Fitbit will reenergize the Fitbit line creating new buzz about the existing technology. It will also fill a space in the market fo r consumer who essential the utility of the Fitbit with the style of a designer watch. Finally, it will help bring forward current sales by bringing in a new consumer base that was previously untapped. One of the most important ways by which the company can satisfy these objectives is through the use of strict and master business research.ReferenceCooper, D.R., & Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Globalization in retailing

In the historic ten course of studys, the worlds economy has experienced accelerate levels. Saturation and restrictive planning let the developed foodstuffs have prompted operators to await abroad for growth opportunities.In order to gain the maximum loot form foreign food markets, it is essential for globular retailers to regard their consumer behaviour as well as the economic and political environments in their sectional markets.4.1 orbicular consumingAt the end of 2001, world(a) retailers were grappling with significant changes in consumer fundamentals. In todays world(prenominal) consumer markets, there argon varies elements of commonalities and differences exist. On the global scale, trends influencing the breathing in behaviour can be cited as follow join on in GNP in capita per capita steady rises in life expectancy rapid affix of literacy and education levels growth in industrialization and urbanization among exploitation countries increase in share of manufa ctured exports by newly industrialised countries advances in transportation and expansion in world travel.Leading global retailing companies such as Carrefour, Ahold, Auchan, Wal-Mart have to identify and meet the needs of the global segment consumer market.By the increase of purchasing power every over the world, and the establish of the EU, both traditional supermarkets and department stores were not satisfactory to meet the consumers requirements, a more convenient way for obtain, a one-stop shopping and shopping as leisure. Consequently, long mass retailers emerged by providing customers with full(prenominal) buy quantity at low cost, the hypermarket format.Today, most leading international retailers take in hypermarket as it key strategical format for their worldwide expansion. In the past five years, the total number of food related stores developed by international operators has increased by 23%. Since 1997, the number of hypermarkets / warehouse fiat has increase d almost double, form 2788 to 4190 worldwide. (see Appendix?)What are the secrets to success, there is no single formula. Use time as a critical strategic component and the flexibility of their strategy during implementation.When Carrefour entered the US, they did not achieve their high expectation. One of the reason is the biggest competitor Wal-Mart, another reason is that they did not understand the consuming format in US, they did not topical anaestheticize their strategy. Americans were used not solitary(prenominal) to a wide merchandise, and low monetary values, but also the public toilet of shopping without having to drive distances for making their purchases. Whereas, in Asia, Carrefour achieved big success, they encompass the localization strategy.In China, firstly they localized their name from Carrefour to ???. Similar pronunciation, it means, a happy lucky family, which has a huge impact on consumers. They segmented the Chinese market geographically. They understood the local consumers price sensitivity, they lowered their price in order to achieve much more quantity of purchasing. In Indonesia, Carrefour has put it as a key management positions and apply them intensive training, and localize their stores display, knowing that local consumer like eating seraphic seafood instead of the frozenness.As for Wal-Mart, they expand their market in Mexico, which is a market with huge possible, they build large parking space only to see to it that many consumers do not drive cars. They normally travel by bus and had to walk across the large parking space with big(p) packages, Wal-Mart responded by introducing bus shuttles for customers.Localization is the key factor for acceptance and success of an international company/ leaf blade. It is important to speak to the customers and clients in their own spoken communication and culture. The particular concept has developed by leading global brand Think Local, Act Local. Going Global, has to be going lo cal.4.2 Regional market (Europe, Asia)AsiaThe greatest opportunities for Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Ahold, electron tube, Auchan and all the other global retailers come from Asia.Asia with 3 one thousand thousand consumers and some of the most populous countries in the world, Asia remains an attractive region for 2003.China, with 1.25 billion people, GDP growth of 10% and nearly 13% per year increase in retail space, continues to attract global retailers. Particularly mainland China. As it is a emerging nation, with its unique features of its economics structure, more than 300 global retailers have invested in the market. In one of the major economic events in 2001, China was voted into the world Trade organization. This should eventually lead to strong increase in trade for worlds economies, which benefit many global retailers.Carrefour is consolidating its positions by setting up purchasing centers in 11 Chinese cities. Ikea exposed in Beijing May 2003, and Tesco is planning to expa nd in the market.However, there are certain issues that foreign investors are facing, is that state owned local players are gaining strength. The Shanhai local government pressured 3 shanghai based retailers Yibai, Lianhua, and the Huanlian, into forming a joint holding company, the Bailing Group. The holding companys ambitious objectives include leading diligence consolidation and enabling sustainable leadership of local state-owned retailers. Such transport will raise entry barriers for private and foreign investors and create potential advantages for local state-owned retailers.South Korea has recovered economically for its 1998 crisis GDP growth by 6% in 2002. Wal-Mat almost doubled its store count from 6 to 11 and plans to open even more stores in 2004.japan, the worlds second biggest market after the US tremendous oppourtunities of global companies to penetrate it . Although entering Japan is not easy, due to the restrictive plan which complicated supply chain structure and lack of Japanese 10 years recession is no doubt deterring a number of operators.EuropeEastern Europe, a disruptive growing region with regional output growth of more than 3%, and most countries are on track to join the Europe unification by 2010. The top ranked country, and the one commanding the highest score increase this year is Russia. With a inflation forcast at 16% for 2003, versus 84% in 1998. and GDP growth of 4 to 5% a year, Russia has become economically stronger. As a emerging market, the retail density is very low, only 6 international players have settled there. This region has a huge potential for global retailers. In Russia, there are 143 million population, jibe to official Russian statistics, Russians spend up to 80% of their income on consumer good. Auchan an Metro has already settled their expansion in Russia, Wal-Mart which sent a missionary post to Russia in 2002 to check out the possibilities. However, foreign retailer still feeling many issues in Russia, Metro and Auchan have been accused of unfair disceptation by local retailers.Hungry is the most prosperous economy in the region after Poland and Czech Republic. The country will join the EU in 2004. which make the region more attractive to global retailers.As the merger of European Union, the biggest single market in the world. All the global retailers are try to gain maximum profit, In 1997, Wal-Mart completed of Wertkauf a 21-store German hypermarket chain. In 1999, Wal-Mart announce a $10.8 billion turnover in EU. Britains third largest super market chain, Asda with 232 stores in England, Scotland and Wales.As Carrefour, it is already became the biggest market place retailer in EU. Ahold recently has began their expansion in Spain. In Italy, with that seven top 30 retailers operating in its territory, all of which are constitutes the exception between the major countries of Europe, due to restricted government form _or_ system of government and onerous bureaucracy impeding store development.

An overview about food allergy

An overview about alimental supersensitized reply1-Cows take out hypersensitised reply squeeze out happen in childhood or muffhoodIntroductionThis seek gives an overview about nutrient sensitised reaction detainments, inauspicious reactions of nutrient, the other(a) types of nutrient hypersensitivity and the close of import clinical symptoms.Cow milk hypersensitive reaction as an of import type of nutrient completelyergic reaction, the essay gives an thought about the prevalence of milk hypersensitised reaction, particularly in UK. Besides, It discusses the implicit in mechanisms and the almost of import symptoms of the both types of immunoglobulin E talk endpoints and non IGE intercede nutrient allergic reaction it gives two illustrations of clinical instances one is IGE mediated and the second is non IGE mediated, the appropriate counseling of both.The definition of nutrient allergic reaction as ( EAACI place radical 2001 ) provinces Adverse reaction to nutrien t should be called nutrient hypersensitivity, When immunologic mechanisms form been demonstrated, the appropriate term is nutrient allergic reaction, and if the social function of immunoglobulin E is laid-backlighted the term is IgE-mediated nutrient allergic reaction. All other reactions, antecedently sometimes referred to as food intolerance , should be referred to as no allergic nutrient hypersensitivity.Severe, generalized allergic reactions to nutrient can be assort as anaphylaxis 1-http eaaci.net/v2/resources/position-papersThe prevalence of milk allergic reaction or overawe milk allergy worldwide is variable, in UK, for illustration Milk allergic reaction is estimated to impact 2 % of babies and immature tikes in the UK population. The prevalence of Cow milk allergic reaction ( CMA ) varies with progress, with highest prevalence in early childhood ( 2-6 % ) and decrease prevalence with increasing age.The incidence in maturity is merely 0.1-0.5 % .Persons with a househo ld register of allergic reaction or familial sensitivity be more susceptible to develop CMA.Of the 8 most common nutrient allergic reactions, cow s milk allergic reaction is the most common to babies.It normally develops early in babyhood when susceptibleness is highest and shortly after exposure to overawe s milk baby expression.Onset after 12 months is rare and the hazard of developing CMA is cut down by sole breastfeeding, but this may non forestall the hazard wholly. ( 2 ) .2-http //www.milk.co.ukCow s milk allergic reaction is varied from cow s milk intolerances such as lactose intolerance and is caused by an seditious immune response to milk proteins. CMA is a complex upset and different milk proteins have integrated in the allergic reactions and they have shown to co-ordinated multiple allergenic antigenic determinants.There is a batch of amongst allergic persons for the peculiar proteins and antigenic determinants to which they react, so, allergic reactions to overaw e s milk are driven by more than one immunological mechanism.It is non a single(a) disease, but per dislodge involves different types of immunological mechanisms and by and large classified into IGE -mediated allergy and non-IGE mediated allergic reaction.how cattles milk be IGE mediated or non IGE mediated Cow s milk allergic reaction ( CM? )The history of IGE isIn 1967, immunoglobulin E or IgE, was discovered by two separate explore squads, by hubby and married woman squad, Teruko and Kimshige Ishikaza in the US and Gunnar Johanssen and Hans Bennich at Uppsala University infirmary. The squads could show a clear connexion between allergic symptoms and IgE antibodies. 3-Accessed 27/01/08 hypertext transfer protocol // www.phadia.com/dia_templates/Page_2795.aspx3-a literature reappraisal4-report5-Compare and contrast IGE and non IGE6-Clinical presentations7-Immunopathology8-Diagonistic trials( History ) will be the first and of import measure, because of full history taking inclu ding household, yesteryear and environmental history.Without this we can non get down each probe and which attack can we get down because of probes in a batch of instances can non take to demand cause of allergic reaction.As AAAAI ( 2006 ) Work Group Report provinces History cleanings is one of the most of import diagnostic tools in medical specialty. In some instances it can be the most unequivocal one, particularly in the field of allergic reaction -AAAAI Work Group Report Allergy Diagnosis in Clinical PracticeNovember, 2006Majamaa ( 1999 ) demonstrated that skin spot testing was the most sensitive diagnostic tool in the gulls studied with cow s milk allergic reaction. They concluded that spot proving would significantly increase the chance of early sensing of cow s milk allergic reaction and that verification of the diagnosing by the elimination- dispute process is indispensable in affected roles with negatively charged trial consequences but a clinical intuition of nutrien t allergic reaction.RAST trial for lgE antibody to peanut and so utilize decision point informations to see the consequence. If the value obtained is greater or equal to 14 KU/l this is revelatory of go oning clinical responsiveness ( 90 % predictive ) and she should go on to avoid peanuts. For a value of 10 KU/l or little I would mention to a specializer Centre nutrient challenge ( ideally double blind placebo controlled ) . If she does non respond so she can acquaint peanuts into her diet.Decision Monitorization of specific IgE concentration for milk and casein by agencies of the CAP system in allergic kids to CMPs allows us to foretell, to a high grade of chance, clinical responsiveness. Age factor must be taken into history to measure the specific IgE degrees which are forecasters of tolerance or clinical responsiveness.Clin Exp Allergy. 2004 Jun 34 ( 6 ) 866-70.Cow s milk-specific Ig E degrees as forecasters of clinical responsiveness in the followup of the cow s milk al lergic reaction babies.Garcia-Ara MC, Boyano-Martinez MT, Diaz-Pena JM, Martin-Munoz MF, Martin-Esteban M.9-Long term forecastAll of you have covered the depicted object of atopic eczema highly good. I would wish to mention you to two glorious reappraisals on the direction of this common disease.The reappraisal in Clinical Knowledge Summaries ( CKS ) outlines the preventive options including an first-class subdivision on therapies that are non beneficial.This reappraisal besides includes an first-class treatment on the function of creams, which everyone recommends despite the fact that good fictitious character grounds for their usage is missing.CKS ( 2007 ) . Eczema Atopic. Online Accessed 2nd April 2008 . purchasable from the World Wide blade&038 A lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.cks.library.nhs.uk/eczema_atopic/in_depth/management_issues &038 gt Here is an first-class recent road map from the Primary safeguard Dermatology Society &038 A British Association of Dermatologists produced in ( 2005 ) , which analyses compactly all facets of atopic eczema.You can happen this atPrimary Care Dermatology Society &038 A British Association of Dermatologists. ( 2005 ) Guidelines for the direction of atopic eczema. Online . Accessed on the 2nd April 2008 , Available from the World Wide Webhypertext transfer protocol //www.bad.org.uk/health care/guidelines/PCDSBAD-Eczema.pdfA peculiarly of import issue in the direction of atopic eczema is patient instruction and psychological.Remission of peanut allergic reaction can be predicted by low degrees of IgE antibodies to peanut in the first 2 old ages of life or decreasing degrees of IgE sensitisation by the age of 3 old ages. Challenges in controlledsettings should be offered to allow patients, becausethe hit provided to those who are no longer allergic clearlyoutweighs the hazard of a guardedly performed challenge.Several of you justly indicate out the clip devouring nature of a DBPCFC and urge un fastened challenges.This is apprehensible, nevertheless, it is deserving emphasizing the importance of double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrient challenges in the diagnosing of nutrient allergic reactions and in that location is a in reality arouse paper from Hourihane et Al ( 2005 ) , which discusses the relevancy of this probe in item and which concludes that there is a hapless correlativity between the badness of reported reactions in the community and the badness of reaction elicited during low-dose DBPCFC with peanut.Hourihane J.O. , Grimshaw, K.E. , Lewis, S.A, , Briggs, R.A, , Trewin, J.B. , King, R.M. , Kilburn, S.A. and Warner, J.O. ( 2005 ) .Does badness of low-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrient challenges hypothecate badness of allergic reactions to peanut in the community? Clin Exp Allergy. Online . 35 ( 9 ) , Accessed 4th October 2007 , pp. 1227-33. Available from World Wide Web &038 lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/quer y.fcgi? itool=abstractplus &038 A db=pubmed &038 amp cmd=Retrieve &038 amp dopt=abstractplus &038 A list_uids=16164452 &038 gt 10 -Link the clinical manifestations to the underlying immunological procedures immunological procedure through the studya-Advice for the parents of the kid if the implicit in diseaseThe WHO recommendations on the Prevention of Allergy and hypersensitised Asthma ( Dagli et al 2002 ) states that it is estimated that over 20 % of the universe population suffers from IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Asthma has an allergic constituent in more than 50 % of grownups and in at least 80 % of kids.Asthma is estimated by the World wellness Organization ( WHO ) to impact about 150 million people worldwide, puting an big strain on wellness resources in m all states and is a study cause of hospitalizations for chronic diseases in kids in the western universe.Dagli, E. , Davies, K.H. et Al ( 2002 ) . WHO recommendations on Prevention of Allergy and Allergic Asthma. Based on WHO/WAO meeting on the Prevention of allergic reaction an allergic asthma Geneva Online . Accessed thirteenth July 2008 . Available World Wide Web.hypertext transfer protocol //www.worldallergy.org/professional/who_paa2003.pdfb-IGE mediated diseasec-Non IGE mediated diseased-How differences influence the psychological facets of the patients and kid s lifeAtopic dermatitisCytrizine is really safe even in immature kids and it is telling in intervention of atopic dermatitis as Simons ( 1999 provinces The safety of cetirizine has been confirmed in this potential survey, the largest and longest randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety probe of any H ( 1 ) -antagonist of all time conducted in kids and the longest prospective safety survey of any H ( 1 ) -antagonist of all time conducted in any age groupSt. simons ( 1999 ) Prospective, long-run safety rating of the H1- receptor adversary cetirizine in really immature kids with atopic dermatitis. ETAC Study Group. Early Treatment of the Atopic Child.J Allergy Clin Immunol Aug 104 ( 2 Pt 1 ) 433-40. ,Histamine receptors H1 are located throughout the organic structure, largely on smooth musculus, vascular endothelial cells, the bosom and CNS. It mediates an increased vascular permeability at the site of redness induced by histamine. H1 plays an of import function in allergic diseases. An illustration of this is on exposure to allergens in allergic coryza H1 receptors cause oculus, nose, pharynx, and roof of the mouth itchiness, rhinorhea, swelling of the deep sinusoids which leads to stymy of air flow, along with complex systemic turning away physiological reactions such as sneeze and the allergic salutation. ( 1 )( 1 ) P. H. howarth ( 2002 ) The pick of an H1- antihistamine for the twenty-first Century Clinical and Experimental Allergy reappraisals. 2 18-25. ( online ) Available signifier the universe grand web. hypertext transfer protocol //www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1 472-9725.2002.00030.xLeukotriene receptor adversary ( LTRA ) are used for the care intervention of asthma and to extenuate symptoms of seasonal allergic reactions. 1 1 ) Wikipedia ( online ) available from the universe broad web accessed the 18/05/08 hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizermast celldegranulation,

Huffington Post

I leave behind admit that I am sort of new to the discussion on bigotry, privilege, and the various -isms. I was speaking with a fe male friend of mine a few months ago, and I remarked that wo hands, on average, ar less able to compartmentalize their emotions than men. She was Oustiflably) irate, and I qualified myself. You absorb, I had never been explicitly exposed to the socially-propagated idea that women argon emotionally unstable. When I found out, I felt rather embarrassed in not only being sexist, scarce in being so unoriginal and un-profound in doing so.I am simply an bserver of humanity, and although some people might provoke that I subscribe to internalized institutional misogyny, herein lies the purpose of my short essay. consider youre a mad scientist in a laboratory, and the U. S. government has charged you with the depute of creating a correctly average white man. You split white men d have into their fundamental characteristics hair color, body hair length, belly-button protrusion, etc, and then you contemplate measurements and find the average of each of them. Because of the outliers, what will result will believably resemble Frankensteins onster.This is an analogy I find useful when discussing prejudice. The essence of the old paragraph was that prejudice arises from two factors perception of the average as conscious by personal experience, and charge power dynamics. These two ar inextricably linked, and as one feeds the other, it is very difficult to isolate the effects. However, I will arbitrarily make the choice to begin by discussing perceptions of the average and see where that leads us. My econometrics professor last term proposed that while girls on average play to do ust as well as boys on standardized math exams, the variance for boys is higher.This is not to say that there are not girls who are incredibly gifted in math, but that there are less of them. But naturally, our life experiences are such that we will not be acquainted with the whole of a population, and that is where our prejudices arise. The vast majority of my friends at college are math or computer science majors, so the girls who I do interact with tend to be especial(a) at math, and since I have no oint of comparison, I dont regard them as any more exceptional than the boys with comparable acuity because they are girls.However, as in my opening anecdote, sometimes our sampling of the population isnt so flattering. In those cases, we come to believe that the institutionalized power dynamics are an accurate depiction of the entire world, and we consciously draw privilege from them. The most(prenominal) common privilege in worldly concern discourse is white privilege, but institutionalized prejudice extends to things like male privilege, cis- privilege, and thin privilege. Sometimes it even leads to active bigotry.In the ideal world, if we all were statisticians, had perfect data, and approached eve rything objectively, we would distill the piece of ground ot stereotypes that were actually real and omit the portion that are societal caricatures. Unfortunately, thats not the case. Observers of humanity like myself will touch on to notice patterns in human behavior across heterogeneous groups, but I will make a conscious effort to not let that sully my daily interactions with my friends.I will approach each mortal as a erson, because they are Just that the politics of their identity are too complex for a feeble mind like my own to accurately discern. But do notice that I assert that part of the stereotypes are real. You cannot produce an asset bubble on zero information, and similarly, mental synthesis a stereotype out of zippo would require heavy orchestration, nothing short of state-sponsored propaganda. Unfortunately, it doesnt take very much real information to form a cascade, and if we could distill our stereotypes, the actual remaining substance would be, in most cases, statistically insignifica nt.

Animal Fable

And lastly, the Ilon Is Indeclslve and often regrets to his decision. Right after killing the bull, he realizes the bulls absence is huge and regrets about his decision. is anger freehanded expressive style to softer feelings, he spoke aloud his sorrow at the death of Schanzabeh, whom he allowed to have been probably nnocent of the crimes laid to his charge, and to have fallen a victim to the calumnies and false accusations of his enemies (p. 1 58) _ These three characteristics of the lion emblemize two aspects of drawing card Firstly, the lion symbolizes a big and strong leader. But more in-depth symbol is Caliph A1-Mansur, the leader at the time when this book was translated. Caliph A1-Mansur succeeded in revolution and seized power. With authority in his hands, he executed and assassinated many a(prenominal) people for trivial reasons.Moreover, claiming to support an ideology of equality, he actually discriminated OF2 fable, was a Persian origin who naturalized as an Arabian and converted to Islam. make up though he was an Arabian in a reek of a civilian, he was not a pure Arabian in a sense of ethnicity. Feeling more suppressed than Arab-Muslims, he had a strong dissatisfaction of the and so authority. Thus, he compares the pure Arabians, who lived in a splendor of authorities obtained by coercive territorial expansion, to the lion, whose appearance is splendid but substance is in fact feeble.The animal fables are often used to educate youth people. It is told to these days that Kalilah wa Dimna was used to teach lessons about morality and lore to even the princes of one kingdom. Although the fables are written with a purpose of giving lessons, more meanings, either literal or figurative, can be charge when it is translated to another language. Kalilah wa Dimna shows figurative meanings hidden in the text as well, which shows public sentiments at the time. This is a valuable trait of literature since this shows something that cannot be achieved i n another means.

Homework: harmful or helpful Essay

Homework is a way of life for more students in public or private work judgment of convictions, from kindergarten to graduation. Often students are overwhelmed with the wardrobes of school, distributively iniquity students are required to do readiness after finish school each day. Is in that respect a reason or hire for students to come home from 7 hours of school and then grant hours of readiness . Is it essential that students have cookery, are they gaining everything by practicing the skills they makeed at school. Or are students harmed by the negative effects that grooming often comes with. Should readiness be restricted or should it embrace to be unmonitored and exceed the limits of students in school. Homeworks negative effects far appearweigh either of the positive aspects because planning often is busy work that does non await to improve students learning, an extra unneeded air which leads students to have baseborn-minded foreswear fourth dimension . Since the late 19th century prep has been a subject of debate. Although at the prison term students were only asked to do small memorization tasks such as memorizing vocabulary and math equations, it was still a topic of debate.By the destroy of the 19th century the progressive education motility began. In the archean 20th century some(prenominal) influential individuals and parents group reached out against homework. With the pressure of opposing views from organizations such as the Parent-Teacher Association ( PTA) forced some U.S school districts to limit or even ban homework assignments. For instance, in 1901 atomic number 20 lawmakers abolished homework in wide-eyed and halfway schools. With progressive education movement peaking during the 1920s and 30s, there were even move deal branching out against homework. Even the American Child Health Association joined the campaign against homework, saying that homework was a leading cause of tuberculosis and marrow squas h disease for U.S children. However, in the 1940s homework gradually returned to U.S schools with many supporters. do high school students on average in 1948 to have three to four hours of homework a night. Even to present day in 2006 a study in a public high school in Needham, Massachusetts shows that one out of five students spend four hours or more a night on homework.For most students homework is consider to be a little more than busy work, often students feel the work that they are doing is unnecessary. Students receive so much homework that they are non cleaveting anything out of it. This causes students to focus more on getting the work done, then learning anything from the activity. It is unfair to expect students to do their best when they have more homework than the time they need to collar the work. Homework assignments tend to lack academic value leading students to entirely get the homework done as soon as they can. With the interference of homework every ni ght, reading and writing becomes a chore bonnie as cleaning the dishes would be. Large amounts of homework stifle motivation, holt creatively and mitigate a childs love for discovering and learning new things. By the time graduation time comes students will have had 13 days of doing homework, not including if the student goes on to pursue college. Given if the average elementary student spends one to deuce hours of homework a night, the average middle school student sends two to three hours of homework a night and the average high school student spends three to four hours on homework a night. Students spend an average of 1,080 to 1,620 hours on homework sooner graduation if the student only completed homework Monday thru Friday.Causing homework to take up most of students free-time. Students have virtually no time to pursue outside interests, activities such as eating dinner with family, talk with friends and family and developing interests is what can ensure children are happy . Students are trapped with homework that they often cannot do other activities because they often feel pressure to get everything done. This leads students to feel stressed to complete everything they need to. It is actually unhealthy for students to have several hours of homework after coming home from hours of school. In 2007 the American Academy of Pediatrics said that obesity and depression from stress was on the rise due to too much work. What is the point of all this stress from work if there is no known correlation between time spent on homework and academic performance.Research conducted by two professors at Penn State University found that students in countries in which schools assign little to no homework such as Japan, tend to do rectify on standardized tests. Students receive too much homework to be able to take any real value away from learning. Advocates of homework say that students need to continue their education outside the classroom and to do this homework shoul d be given. This teaches the student the only way you can learn is if you are given a activity to do for homework. What about adults and people who do not have homework does this mean that they can not learn. Students will learn new things everyday even if they do not have homework. Students will be able to explore and learn in a new creative way off a authorship and pencil. Although, homework does teach time management, it stresses students too much. While trying to charm lots of activities,school and homework students learn time management but it is not effective or helpful because students are too stressed.Plus, there are many less stress ways that can teach students time management. Proponents also state that the U.S is falling behind other countries in academics consequently students need more homework to catch u. Which is true American 15 year olds ranked 23rd out of 40 countries in accomplishment and 29th in math comprehension. All this is completely true, but many co untries academically ahead of the U.S assign less homework than the U.S does know so how does adding more homework make sense. Should students continue to receive homework that is pain sensation them in more ways than one. The debate for homework will neer end, there is always two sides of any story. While it is unlikely any legislative acts will be placed on homework small changes starting in schools could likely happen.What is the real need for homework, what is the benefits to homework? Does it rightfully matter if students continue to feel no benefits and have stress from homework. Should we, without changing, continue down the path of hours of homework a night even if there are clearly negative effects. What if we never changed anything would there be lights, cars, computers, electric cell phones or anything. People do not postulate to lessen homework for students which can lead to bad health, but would people not want to lessen the number cars or lights even though can be bad for the environment.

Counseling theory

Rational- affective therapy stresses the expertness of the guests to think on their own and limiting by making good judgments and winning action. Rational-emotive healers recalld that the lines of the guests atomic number 18 rooted in childhood and in their belief transcription, which was formed during childhood. The rede involves method solving and dealing with stimulated problems. The counsellor pay heed the guest eliminates self-defeating outlooks and discriminate sprightliness in a rational manner. According to Patrick PK.(2007) rational emotive therapist believed that cognition, and emotion be not incongruent piece aspects save argon prefatorialally, integrated and holistic. In fact, this aspect is march with other cognitive- manneral aspects. Some of the strengths of rational-emotive and its application is its simplicity. Rational-emotive learns into term development levels as significant when dealing with patients, moreover, rational-emotive therapy nonp lus absence of moral perspectives. Rational-emotive therapy is weighty for counseling profession.Its utileness, short-term aspect and low-pitched cost are the reasons for its attractiveness. The reality therapist assist the client controls the world some them and satisfy their single(a)s needs. The therapists believe that the client can change their livelihood for the better. The therapy looks at the what and the why actions of the clients. Emotional problem is a leave al hotshot of clients perception and feelings. Reality therapy is thus found on the aspect that client rent the past and begin to behave in a trusty for(p) manner. Reality t separatelyes the client a better modal values of actionspan and compel more effectual in satisfying their needs.2. Existential humanistic impost Existential therapy is ground on immunity of choice in changing superstars flavour. The therapists believe that the individuals are responsible in shaping their own life and a need f or self- awareness. The therapy focuses at the open and at the future life of an individual. The therapists dish out the client recognize their granting immunity and perceive their possibilities of their future. They assist the client recognize their responsiveness of the future events. The therapy is well suited to assist the client make good choices modify their lives.The theory is based on the pursuit core aspects contact, open participation of each other and mutual influence genuineness, to be reliable, harmonious, human and transparent unconditional affirmative regard, accepting individuals cosmos despite of his or her behavior and empathy taste the moment experience of an individual. Other basic aspects of human conditions in empiricist onslaught embroil capacity for self-awareness, the freedom and tariff tension, the identity creation and the establishment of effective relationships and the recognizing distress as living conditions.The existentialists advocate t hat person ability for self-consciousness provides them freedom possibilities as well as recognizing that they are finite and have limited time. therefore individuals are free to choose the getable alternatives in living and have an effective responsibility to rentation their personal destinies. The result of our choice is based on the way we live and hence individuals should be responsible in directing their lives. The existential therapy focuses at gartering clients to reflect on life, draw alternatives and chose the best alternatives.The therapists aimed at making mass become aware of how to ac association situations and take control so as to shape their lives by looking for options that can realize a meaningful life. 3. Logotherapy and gestalt therapy The main aspects of the logotheraphy are based on its need to consider person in their irreducible wholeness, as subjects endowed with values and presenting existential thematic that cannot be dealt with by purely mental m eans. Logotherapy therapy begins with the soul and has a true a priori consciousness and an invariable internationality towards individuals values.Hence, during therapy, themes that are relating to the meaning of life are placed at the titty of counseling intervention and human behavior guided to search for meaning and existential truth in all of its divers(prenominal) manifestations. healer therefore contrasts sundry(a) human forms of irresponsibility and led the clients towards the recognition of various possibilities and freedoms inherent in their choices. The therapy provides specific forms of intervention, which take on self-transcendence and self-detachment.Everyone experiences moments in life may be considered normal and not really occupy any attention. However, individual may wangle with this experience by forcing the circumstances but only to become knotted in a mesh. To overcome the situation, this therapy used the dereflection method, based on the intentionality c oncept. Gestalt therapy conversely incorporates the body and headway aspects, by emphasizing consciousness and integration. internalisation of behavior, feelings and perception is main aspect in the Gestalt therapy.Patients are perceived as macrocosm able to recognize how the impacts of the previous life could change their life. The therapist assist the client realizes their personal responsibilities, avoiding problems experience thins in a constructive manner and in a present awareness. The therapy lead the client have awareness of every moment in their life experience and challenge the client to accept to take care of themselves sort of of others doing for them. 4. Multi pagan therapyMulticultural therapy is counseling that involves clients from differing racial, cultural, and cultural groups and, thus, multicultural clients refer to clients from minority populations. It is significant to include cultural aspects when dealing with multicultural clients. Incorporating cultural variables in the therapeutic process requires one to be literate in ethnic and cultural teaching. Eliciting cultural information from clients allows the counselor to work with many diverse clients without having to become experts on particular ethnic groups.Hence, counselors must(prenominal) recognize the necessity of ethnic knowledge and cultural information elicited in conversations with clients. Multicultural therapist share universal aspects, which include exploring clients worldview, considering the position of acculturation, and taking additional roles. Exploring clients worldviews is a radical part of multicultural therapy. Therapists must come on out the similarity and differences of the clients value system from the country of business line as well as system in the destination country.Exploration enables counselors to get information concerning how the clients view themselves after being undecided to new cultures. Acculturation is a racy aspect in exploring cultur al issues. It is limiting in which individuals from other culture are subjected to when entering a new culture. Therapist must look at the objurgateive strategy that clients are deducing during therapy to assess accurately their level of acculturation. The clients should be encourage to adjust the old rules for the actual consideration of the on-going situations.Lastly, when dealing with clients of minority cultures, the counselors are encouraged to take on additional rules. These include changing the idea of counseling as visualized and institutionalized in this county and wrap further styles of intervention. Such addition includes consulting help agencies and elucidating process and laws unusual to the client (Patrick, 2007). extension Patrick PK. (2007). Internet counseling trend, application & angstrom ethical issues. In Patrick PK (ed). Contemporary Issues in therapy. Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc.

Finance and Positivism

Introduction fit to Little (2005), philosophy of social acquaintance is a scholarly discipline that attempts to poll the logic, methodology, modes of account of the social experiences, in which its studies complicate psychology, sociology, anthropology, history and economics. complaisant science tenders agreement of e very(prenominal)day interactions of man-to-mans and interactions among adult male society in social institutions. Providing cryion and explanation for human behaviour and its consequences are virtu totallyy of the chief(prenominal) aims of social science (Rosenberg, 1988).The purpose of this stem is to examine how philosophy of social science smoke help in explaining speculators behaviours. This cover is divided into five sections. It analyseament demoralise by explaining the tough behaviours of rake traders on drawing off persona of m superstartary property, the probable info source and methodology. This get bring out be fol junior-grade ed by introducing the concept of profitableness and identifying the reasons for selecting positivism. This report go a elbow room also provide rough criticisms to positivism. Lastly, the paper ends with a centermary.Speculative Behaviours of the subscriber line Traders in drawing vitrine of Stocks My query allow for be chief(prenominal)ly focus on the speculative behaviours of the lineage traders, such as gillyflower managers and sell speculators on draught eccentric of stocks. Speculation is different from investment, in which accord to Peers (2003), On the single hand, speculation involves winning large amount of ventures attempting to relieve oneself vigorous profit. Speculation is a game where judge ingathering and essay are two indeterminate.As a result, speculators take up to take relatively large amount of fortune with jimmy to attempt to predict the future. A naive modeling of speculation is purchasing metallic. Speculators magnate think th at defileing florid is a better use of m adepty cod to the inflation. Since gold depends much on inflationary rate and relies less on domain of a functionwide economy, buy gold during period of m unrivalledtary crisis leave behinding help speculators to suffer brisk profit. However, gold harms are now highly high, and at that place is no guarantee that prices will keep increasing in the future.Since at that place are spacious fluctuations in gold prices, speculators are very in all likelihood need to bear large amount of risk when they purchased gold. On the former(a) hand, according to Taylor Frigon corking Management LLC (2007) investment involves analyzing the future earning and the mouthful of graphemeicipating in those future earnings. The pass judgment future nurture of investment is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the cost of the investment. Expected future prize takes into account for all of the potential levelheaded or bad events multiply by the probability of those events.Investors usually search for definable pass judgment future value, smear risk and investors postulate nominal risk aversion, which inwardness that investors will prefer a to a greater extent guaranteed payout and the uncertain one, otherwise, investors will need a higher expected come backs in holy order for them to undertake the risk. Using the gold ex adenosine monophosphatele to differentiate investor and speculator, investors purchase gold and exact it for decades, because aft(prenominal) tally of decades, the authorises from moveing those amounts of gold will be higher than the sign cost of buying those amounts of gold, even after subtracting the returns from the transaction costs.Furthermore, gold will legato be considered as one of the roughly precious metal after couple of decades. Investors do not need to dread that the value of gold will cost nothing, thus expected future value is more guaranteed and risk is minimized to few ext ent. Speculators purchase gold during the periods of financial crisis, and sell gold in order to buy stocks during periods of bubble. This strategy can help speculators to stupefy quick profit, however, it is organicly hard to predict when bubble or crisis will occur, and this skepticism might cause speculators to experience huge amount of loss as well.Lottery Type of Stocks concord to Kumar (2009), some stocks are categorise as lottery sheath because they consent prominent characteristics of lottery. Lottery caseful of stocks has low prices and relatively high potential payoff, sightly like jackpot in lottery. The expected returns of lottery type of stocks are forbid but low, and they have risky payoffs. The price distribution of lottery type of stocks has very high variance, and most particularly, the probability of earning a huge profit is extremely small.Since lottery type of stocks has a very immense probability of experiencing a loss and a very small probability to generate a huge gain, both risk and expected future value are indeterminate. By applying the definition of investors and speculators that we mentioned earlier, only speculators will have the preference of buying lottery type of stocks, due to their risk lovely behavior, while investors do not, because risk-averse investors prefer to minimize risk even though there is a small change to earn huge profit. favorableness One of the main topics in philosophy of social science is positivism. According to the Merriam-Webbers Dictionary, positivism is a side of scientific methods and a philosophy cash advance that defines overconfident association is found on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as support by the experimental sciences, and defines theology and metaphysic as earlier imperfect modes of knowledge.According to Perry, Riege and Brown (1999), some of the ontological assurances of positivism are that the universe of discourse exists externally, it is chara cterized by natural laws and it can be objectively observed by using a scientific way. In other words, positivism can be viewed as an appropriate methodology of social science, which emphasizes empirical observation. Positivism is also associated with empiricism, only the events, things or creatures that can be observed based on sense, experience and positive hindrance via the five senses can be considered as authentic knowledge.According to Creswell (2003), the underlying epistemic impudence of positivism is that there is an fencesitter tec of the investigate project, who is value and bias free, and has no influence on the result of search or data collected. Furthermore, Ticehurst and Veal (2000) states that the methodological approach for positivism is restricted in term of explanation and discovery of facts. detective uses developed theories and frameworks to describe behaviours based on the observations and facts collected.As a result, scientific, empiricist, experiental , deductive or valued approaches are involved in the query. In addition, Guba and Lincoln (1994) state that the paradigm stresses the value-free surmise running gameing instead of supposition building. about of the key assumptions of the positivism paradigm, according to Phillips and Burbles (2000) include, original of all, researchers use null hypothesis because founded tell in their research is usually light and imperfect. Secondly, majority of quantitative researches begin with the examen of a theory.Researches can be considered as a practice of making claims, and afterward either abandoning or refining them. Thirdly, knowledge is shaped by the data, evidence and keen-witted considerations. Furthermore, research attempts to develop statements those are pertinent and true, in which they are able to provide descriptions and explanations for the situation or causal relationship. Lastly, one of the most important parts of a competent inquiry is to universe objective. d ata and MethodologyIn order for lottery type of stocks to disturb the main characteristics of lotteries, original of all, the data will chiefly focus on the stock with low prices (under one pound per stock). in spite of appearance the set of stocks with low prices, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher stock specific skewness, because these are the stock with higher potential payoff and they appears to be more attractive to speculators. Lastly, among the set of stocks with higher stock specific skewness and prices below one pound, my PhD research will focus on stocks with higher single volatility.It is because stocks with higher idiosyncratic volatility are more likely to be considered as lottery type of stocks, because speculators might believe that when volatility is high, there is larger probability to realize the extreme returns that occurred in the past (Kumar, 2009). The methodology will be similar to Kothari and Warner (2006), in which the return of either gi ven security at any given magazine can be obtained by adding the expected return based on expected return models, like Fama-French three factors model, to the unnatural return. The abnormal return of a given time eriod can be obtained by averaging all the abnormal returns of the given period. Given the test statistics provided by Kothari and Warner (2006), the paper will test the null hypothesis, comparing the returns of lottery type of stocks and proponent returns. If the test statistics are significantly lower, then the evidence may mention that the returns of lottery type of stocks underperform index returns, or vice versa. Criticisms to Positivism close to of the criticisms to the positivism is that the ontological position of confirming vis-a-vis verity that social reality exists in an independent way to the researcher (Schutz 1954).It is not helpful for the exploratory research, because the research attempts to understand message of the speculating process and variabl e perception of speculators. Berg (2004) claimed that people, events, objects and situation do possess meaning themselves these elements confer meaning due to human interaction. Furthermore, it is inappropriate to gather up the positivistic position on the epistemological question of In what way one can obtain knowledge from a particular reality? due to the orison that investigating in such a reality provides no change to that reality.Moreover, one of the main criticisms of the positivism paradigm, according to Hussey and Hussey (1997), is that it is unthinkable to consider to people as being separate from the social contexts and they cannot be mum without apprehending their views of their own activities. A rigorously merged research design will trim back some constraints on the results, and it might give the sack more relevant findings, because researchers might have got their own value and interest to the research. The researchers cannot be objective because they are also part of what they are trying to observe.Lastly, statistical variables could be misleading as it is trying to sustain complex phenomena. Reasons for Selecting the Positivist Paradigm Positivism is chosen to fit my PhD project, because according to Phan (2006), first of all, ontologically, stock market places is a financial initiation in which investment decisions can be considered as an external creative activity, objectively adjusting itself, and individual perceptions or desires cannot have any influence. Secondly, quantitative results are mainly the concerns in the world of financial markets it is impossible to determine any alteration to the reality or to make any different perception.Thirdly, epistemologically, the researchers should be independent of their research projects, in other words, they should be free of bias and personal value, and should have no influence on the hookup of data or the results of researches. Moreover, one of the main objectives of the PhD proj ects is to test hypothesis regarding to the returns of indexes and returns of lottery type of stocks, not to construct new theory or to implement any reform. Lastly, objectiveness is important in the financial world in order to provide explanation to phenomena and causal relationships.To summarise, the PhD projects will be mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and systematic way in order to provide validity, generalization, dependability for the measurements, as well as its prognostic cause and effect (Casell and Symon 2004). Summary To sum up, my PhD research will be mainly focus on the speculative behaviours of the stock traders, such as fund managers and retail speculators on lottery type of stocks. The paper will be carry out using quantitative method and positivism fits very well in my research, as positivism is a methods that define positive knowledge which can be support by empirical sciences.There are some criticisms about the ontological and epistemologic al assumption of positivism, nevertheless, the benefits of applying positivism exceeds it costs as my PhD research will mainly focus on making measurements in a statistical and systematic way to predict the cause and effect of different research topics, as well as their validity, generalization and reliability of the measurements. Reference Berg, B. L. (2004) Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 5th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Boston.Casell, C and Symon, G (2004), essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organisational Research, clear-sighted Publications Ltd, London, UK Creswell, J (2003), Research Design Qualitative, numerical and Mixed Methods Approach, 2nd Edition, Sage thousand Oaks, CA. Guba, E and Lincoln, Y (1994), Competing paradigms in soft research, Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997) traffic Research Macmillan closet Ltd, Basingstoke Kumar, A. (2009) Who Gambles in the Stock Market, The Journal of Finance, Vol 64, zero(prenominal)4, 1889-1993Little, D. (2005) western Philosophy of Social Science capital of Red China University Lohpetch, D. andCorne, D. (2010) Outperforming Buy-and-Hold with Evolved Technical Trading Rules Daily, Weekly and periodic Trading, EvoApplications 2010, Springer LNCS Phan, A 2006, Hedge funds and Chinas stock market a study on factors influencing investment decisions by fund managers, DBA thesis, Southern crisscross University, Lismore, NSW. Peers, M. (2003) A Guide To Gambling, Investment, and Speculation visible(prenominal) at www. math. byu. edu, Accessed on January 15, 2012Perry, C, Riege, A & Brown, L 1999, Realisms role among scientific paradigms inmarketing research, Irish Marketing Review, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 16-23. Phillips, DC and Burbules, NC (2000), Postpositivism and educational research, Lanham, MD Rowman and Littlefield. Rosenberg, A. (1988) Why a Philosophy of Social Science? In Philosophy of Social Science. Bould er, COWestview Press 1-21. Schutz, A (1954), Concept and Theory governing body in the Social Sciences, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 51, No. 9, 257-273 Ticehurst, GW and Veal, AJ (2000), Business Research Methods A managerial Approach, Pearson Education NSW Australia